Anatomy and function of urinary system; pathophysiology; principles and collection of urine; urine preservation; principles of urine analysis in physical, chemical, and microscopic examination for diagnosis of renal and urinary diseases as well as other related diseases; formation and composition of various types of body fluids in normal and pathological conditions; principles and methodologies of automated urinalysis and body fluids analysis; pregnancy and laboratory testing; infertility and human reproductive technology; semen stain from a sexual assault victim; laboratory quality assurance.