Post-natal development of  skull and maxillo-facial bone, development and characteristics of normal occlusion, classification and etiology of malocclusion,  function of masticatory system, tooth movement mechanism and tissue reaction, principle of malocclusion treatment with removable and fixed orthodontics appliances, extra and intra - oral examination for malocclusion diagnosis, evaluation of the relationship between development of maxillofacial structure and occlusion using photograph, radiograph and study model, maxillo-facial and occlusal abnormalities diagnosis and treatment plan in several age groups of patients. Dental material used in orthodontics, maxillofacial abnormalities treatment with other dental specialties, maintenance phase after orthodontic treatment, limitation and adverse reaction of orthodontic treatment, orthodontic patient management, patient classification and referral to orthodontists.         Practice in model analysis, radiographic analysis and basic wire bending.