This course emphasizes on the structure and function of the abdominal organs,  regulation of food digestion and  absorption by the gastrointestinal tract; structures, functions and regulation of hormone production by the endocrine system, mechanism of actions of hormones in the control of metabolism and organ functions; structures, functions and regulation of the reproductive system; pathogenesis and pathophysiology of common disorders or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the endocrine system, and the reproductive system, including mechanism of actions of drugs used in common disorders or diseases of these systems; cycle of life and biological changes in human body at various ages.